36-315-Lec13

class: inverse, center, middle

# 36-315: Statistical Graphics and Visualization
## Lecture 13

Meghan Hall <br> Department of Statistics & Data Science <br> Carnegie Mellon University <br> June 23, 2021

---
layout: true
<div class="my-footer"><span>cmu-36315.netlify.app</span></div>
---

# Logistics

<br>

.large[Group project assignments]
<br>
.medium[check-in due Friday]

<br>

.large[Assignments left]
<br>
.medium[two labs & one HW]

<br>

.large[Dropping second graphic critique]

---

# Today

<br>

.large[Text analysis]
<br>
.medium[text mining & natural language processing is an entire field]
<br>
.medium[just touching a piece with the `tidytext` package]
<br>
.medium[and more data manipulation practice]

<br>

.large[Tables]
<br>
.medium[for presentations and for reports]
<br>
.medium[using `gt` and `kableExtra`]

---

# The `tidytext` package

<br>

.large[We've used the `separate` function before]

---

# `separate`

```r
separate(dessert, into = c("ingredient 1", "ingredient 2", 
                           "ingredient 3", "ingredient 4"), 
         sep = ", ")
```

---

# Today's data

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> points </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> price </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> variety </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> description </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> title </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Much like the regular bottling from 2012, this comes across as rather rough and tannic, with rustic, earthy, herbal characteristics. Nonetheless, if you think of it as a pleasantly unfussy country wine, it's a good companion to a hearty winter stew. </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Soft, supple plum envelopes an oaky structure in this Cabernet, supported by 15% Merlot. Coffee and chocolate complete the picture, finishing strong at the end, resulting in a value-priced wine of attractive flavor and immediate accessibility. </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Kirkland Signature 2011 Mountain Cuvée Cabernet Sauvignon (Napa Valley) </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 34 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Slightly reduced, this wine offers a chalky, tannic backbone to an otherwise juicy explosion of rich black cherry, the whole accented throughout by firm oak and cigar box. </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Louis M. Martini 2012 Cabernet Sauvignon (Alexander Valley) </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

# The `tidytext` package

<br>

.large[We've used the `separate` function before]
<br>
.medium[but that becomes unwieldy very quickly]

<br>

.large[`tidytext` has `unnest_tokens`]
<br>
.medium[token: a meaningful unit of text (here, a word)]
<br>
.medium["tidy text" has one row per token]

---

# Tokens

```r
wine_ratings %>% 
  unnest_tokens(word, description)
```

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> points </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> price </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> variety </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> title </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> word </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> much </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> like </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> the </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> regular </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> bottling </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

# The `tidytext` package

<br>

.large[We've used the `separate` function before]
<br>
.medium[but that becomes unwieldy very quickly]

<br>

.large[`tidytext` has `unnest_tokens`]
<br>
.medium[token: a meaningful unit of text (here, a word)]
<br>
.medium["tidy text" has one row per token]

<br>

.large[What about "stop words"]

---

# Stop words

```r
wine_ratings %>% 
  unnest_tokens(word, description) %>% 
  count(word, sort = TRUE)
```

---

# Stop words

`anti_join` is a **filtering join**: drops all observations in the initial data frame that have a match in the second data frame

```r
wine_ratings %>% 
  unnest_tokens(word, description) %>% 
  anti_join(stop_words) %>% 
  count(word, sort = TRUE)
```

---

# Stop words

`stop_words`

---

# Custom stop words

```r
wine_stop_words <- tribble(
  ~"word", ~"lexicon",
  "aromas", "custom",
  "drink", "custom",
  "finish", "custom",
  "flavors", "custom",
  "wine", "custom",
  "acidity", "custom",
  "notes", "custom",
  "palate", "custom",
  "red", "custom",
  "chardonnay", "custom",
  "nose", "custom",
  "vineyard", "custom",
  "pinot", "custom",
  "noir", "custom",
  "cabernet", "custom",
  "black", "custom"
)
```

---

# Custom stop words

`bind_rows` stacks data frames together if they have the same variables

```r
stop_words_custom <- 
  bind_rows(wine_stop_words, stop_words)
```

---

# Custom stop words

```r
wine_ratings %>%
  unnest_tokens(word, description) %>% 
  anti_join(stop_words_custom) %>% 
  count(word, sort = TRUE)
```

---

# Graphing word frequency

use `slice_max` (new version of `top_n`) to filter by `n`

```r
top_15 <- wine_ratings %>%
  unnest_tokens(word, description) %>% 
  anti_join(stop_words_custom) %>% 
  count(word) %>% 
* slice_max(n, n = 15)
```

```r
top_15 %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = n, y = reorder(word, n))) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  scale_x_continuous(expand = expansion(mult = c(0, .1)),
                     name = "Count") +
  labs(y = NULL,
       title = "Common words in wine reviews") +
  cmu_theme() +
  theme(panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
        plot.title.position = "plot")
```

---

# Graphing word frequency

---

# Graphing word frequency

`slice_max` respects `group_by`

```r
top_15_variety <- wine_ratings %>%
  unnest_tokens(word, description) %>% 
  anti_join(stop_words_custom) %>% 
* group_by(variety) %>%
  count(word) %>% 
  slice_max(n, n = 15)
```

```r
top_15_variety %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = n, y = reorder(word, n))) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  scale_x_continuous(expand = expansion(mult = c(0, .1)),
                     name = "Count") +
* facet_wrap(~variety) +
  labs(y = NULL, title = "Common words in wine reviews") +
  cmu_theme() +
  theme(panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
        plot.title.position = "plot")
```

---

# Graphing word frequency

---

# Graphing word frequency

add `scales = "free"` as an argument to `facet_wrap`

```r
top_15_variety %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = n, y = reorder(word, n))) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  scale_x_continuous(expand = expansion(mult = c(0, .1)),
                     name = "Count") +
* facet_wrap(~variety, scales = "free") +
  labs(y = NULL,
       title = "Common words in wine reviews") +
  cmu_theme() +
  theme(panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
        plot.title.position = "plot",
        strip.background = element_rect(fill = "light gray"),
        strip.text = element_text(color = "black"))
```

---

# Graphing word frequency

---

# Graphing word frequency

`reorder_within` is a nifty function within `tidytext`

```r
top_15_variety %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = n, 
*            y = reorder_within(word, n, variety))) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  scale_x_continuous(expand = expansion(mult = c(0, .1)),
                     name = "Count",
*                    labels = label_number_si()) +
* scale_y_reordered(sep = "___") +
  facet_wrap(~variety, scales = "free") +
  labs(y = NULL,
       title = "Common words in wine reviews") +
  cmu_theme() +
  theme(panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
        plot.title.position = "plot",
        strip.background = element_rect(fill = "light gray"),
        strip.text = element_text(color = "black"))
```

---

# Graphing word frequency

---

# Comparing proportions

```r
wine_ratings %>%
  unnest_tokens(word, description) %>% 
  anti_join(stop_words_custom) %>% 
* mutate(word = str_extract(word, "[a-z']+")) %>%
  count(word, variety) %>% 
  filter(n > 10)
```

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> word </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> variety </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> n </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> ability </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> ability </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Chardonnay </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 13 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> ability </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 11 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abound </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Chardonnay </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 31 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abound </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abrasive </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> absolutely </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 22 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> absolutely </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Chardonnay </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 13 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

# Comparing proportions

```r
wine_ratings %>%
  unnest_tokens(word, description) %>% 
  anti_join(stop_words_custom) %>% 
  mutate(word = str_extract(word, "[a-z']+")) %>% 
  count(word, variety) %>% 
  filter(n > 10) %>% 
* group_by(variety) %>%
* mutate(proportion = n / sum(n)) %>%
```

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> word </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> variety </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> n </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> proportion </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> ability </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 14 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0000903 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> ability </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Chardonnay </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 13 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0000727 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> ability </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 11 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0000497 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abound </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Chardonnay </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 31 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0001735 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abound </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 18 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0000813 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abrasive </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 15 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0000967 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> absolutely </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 22 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0001418 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

# Comparing proportions

```r
proportions <- wine_ratings %>%
  unnest_tokens(word, description) %>% 
  anti_join(stop_words_custom) %>% 
  mutate(word = str_extract(word, "[a-z']+")) %>% 
  count(word, variety) %>% 
  filter(n > 10) %>% 
  group_by(variety) %>% 
  mutate(proportion = n / sum(n)) %>% 
  select(-c(n)) %>% 
  pivot_wider(names_from = variety, values_from = proportion)
```

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> word </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Chardonnay </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Pinot Noir </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> ability </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0000903 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0000727 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0000497 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abound </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0001735 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0000813 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abrasive </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0000967 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;">  </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> absolutely </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0001418 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0000727 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0001627 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abundance </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;">  </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0001287 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.0001175 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

# Comparing proportions

```r
proportions %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = Chardonnay, y = `Pinot Noir`)) +
  geom_jitter(alpha = 0.2) +
  geom_text(aes(label = word), check_overlap = TRUE) +
  geom_abline(color = "light gray", linetype = 2) +
  cmu_theme()
```

---

# Comparing proportions

---

# Sentiment analysis

```r
sentiment <- 
  get_sentiments("bing")
```

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> word </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> sentiment </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 2-faces </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> negative </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abnormal </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> negative </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abolish </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> negative </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abominable </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> negative </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abominably </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> negative </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abominate </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> negative </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abomination </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> negative </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> abort </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> negative </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> aborted </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> negative </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> aborts </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> negative </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

# Sentiment analysis

`inner_join` drops unmatched observations (so be careful)

```r
word_sentiment <- wine_ratings %>%
  unnest_tokens(word, description) %>% 
  anti_join(stop_words_custom) %>% 
  mutate(word = str_extract(word, "[a-z']+")) %>%
  inner_join(sentiment) %>%
  count(word, sentiment, sort = TRUE)
```

---

# Sentiment analysis

```r
word_sentiment %>% 
* group_by(sentiment) %>%
* slice_max(n, n = 15) %>%
  mutate(sentiment = factor(sentiment, 
                            levels = c("positive","negative"))) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = n, 
*            y = reorder_within(word, n, sentiment))) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  scale_x_continuous(expand = expansion(mult = c(0, .1)),
                     name = "Count",
                     labels = label_number_si()) +
* scale_y_reordered(sep = "___") +
  facet_wrap(~sentiment, scales = "free") +
  labs(y = NULL,
       title = "Common words in wine reviews, by sentiment") +
  cmu_theme() +
  theme(panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
        plot.title.position = "plot",
        strip.background = element_rect(fill = "light gray"),
        strip.text = element_text(color = "black"))
```

---

# Sentiment analysis

---

# Sentiment analysis

```r
word_sentiment %>% 
  slice_max(n, n = 15) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = n, 
             y = reorder(word, n),
*            fill = sentiment)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
* scale_fill_brewer(type = "qual", name = NULL,
*                   guide = guide_legend(reverse = TRUE)) +
  scale_x_continuous(expand = expansion(mult = c(0, .1)),
                     name = "Count",
                     labels = label_number_si()) +
  labs(y = NULL,
       title = "Common words in wine reviews, by sentiment") +
  cmu_theme() +
  theme(panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
        plot.title.position = "plot",
        legend.position = c(0.8, 0.2))
```

---

# Sentiment analysis

---

# Bigrams

some of text analysis (including sentiment analysis) is more effective if the "token" is larger

bigram: two words

```r
wine_ratings %>% 
  unnest_tokens(bigram, description, token = "ngrams", n = 2) %>% 
  count(bigram, sort = TRUE)
```

---

# Bigrams

```r
wine_ratings %>% 
  unnest_tokens(bigram, description, token = "ngrams", n = 2) %>% 
  separate(bigram, into = c("first_word", "second_word"), 
           remove = FALSE, sep = " ")
```

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> points </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> price </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> variety </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> title </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> bigram </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> first_word </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> second_word </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> much like </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> much </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> like </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> like the </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> like </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> the </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> the regular </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> the </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> regular </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> regular bottling </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> regular </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> bottling </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> bottling from </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> bottling </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> from </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

# Bigrams

```r
wine_ratings %>% 
  unnest_tokens(bigram, description, token = "ngrams", n = 2) %>% 
  separate(bigram, into = c("first_word", "second_word"), 
           remove = FALSE, sep = " ") %>% 
  filter(!first_word %in% stop_words_custom$word & 
           !second_word %in% stop_words_custom$word)
```

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> points </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> price </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> variety </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> title </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> bigram </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> first_word </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> second_word </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> regular bottling </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> regular </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> bottling </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> rustic earthy </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> rustic </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> earthy </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> earthy herbal </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> earthy </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> herbal </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> herbal characteristics </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> herbal </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> characteristics </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

# Bigrams

---

.h1[# Bigrams]

.tiny[

```r
display %>% 
  filter(variety != "Cabernet Sauvignon") %>% 
  count(bigram, variety) %>% 
* group_by(variety) %>%
* slice_max(n, n = 15) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = n, 
             y = reorder_within(bigram, n, variety))) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  scale_x_continuous(expand = expansion(mult = c(0, .1)),
                     name = "Count",
                     labels = label_number_si()) +
* scale_y_reordered(sep = "___") +
  facet_wrap(~variety, scales = "free") +
  labs(y = NULL,
       title = "Common bigrams in wine reviews") +
  cmu_theme() +
  theme(panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
        plot.title.position = "plot",
        strip.background = element_rect(fill = "light gray"),
        strip.text = element_text(color = "black"))
```
]

---

# Bigrams

---

# Another example

**what elements are in the bakes of those who were eliminated and those who were star baker?**

.center[![bakeoff](figs/Lec13/bakeoff.png)]

---

# Bake Off

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> series </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> episode </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> baker </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> result </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> signature </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> showstopper </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Lea </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> OUT </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cranberry and Pistachio Cakewith Orange Flower Water Icing </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Raspberries and Cream filled Chocolatewith Chocolate-dipped Fresh Fruit </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mark </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> OUT </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sticky Marmalade Tea Loaf </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Heart-shaped Chocolate and Beetroot Cake with Store-Bought silver chocolate hearts and chocolate red and white roses. </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Annetha </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> OUT </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Rose Petal Shortbread </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pink Swirl Macarons / Eclairs </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Louise </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> OUT </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Stained Glass Window Shortbread </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Strawberry, Mint, and Cream Meringues  Chocolate Eclairs / Orange, Yellow and Pink Macarons </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Jonathan </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> OUT </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Anchovy, Sweet Paprika and Oregano Bread </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sticky Lemon Honey Bun Olive and Anchovy RollSundried Tomatoes and Fresh Herbs RollStilton, Walnut and Apple RollCinnamon and Cardamom Chelsea Bun </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

# Bake Off

```r
challenge_results %>% 
  filter(result == "STAR BAKER") %>% 
  pivot_longer(c(signature, showstopper), 
               names_to = NULL, values_to = "bake") %>% 
  unnest_tokens(word, bake) %>% 
  anti_join(stop_words) %>% 
  count(word, sort = TRUE) %>% 
  slice_max(n, n = 15)
```

---

# Bake Off

```r
plot <- challenge_results %>% 
* filter(result %in% c("STAR BAKER","OUT")) %>%
  pivot_longer(c(signature, showstopper), 
               names_to = NULL, values_to = "bake") %>% 
  unnest_tokens(word, bake) %>% 
  anti_join(stop_words) %>% 
* count(word, result, sort = TRUE) %>%
* group_by(result) %>%
  slice_max(n, n = 15)
```

---

# Bake Off

```r
plot %>% 
* mutate(result = factor(result, levels = c("STAR BAKER","OUT"))) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = n, 
*            y = reorder_within(word, n, result))) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  scale_x_continuous(expand = expansion(mult = c(0, .1)),
                     name = "Count",
*                    labels = label_number_si()) +
* scale_y_reordered(sep = "___") +
  facet_wrap(~result, scales = "free") +
  labs(y = NULL,
       title = "Bake details by result") +
  cmu_theme() +
  theme(panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
        plot.title.position = "plot",
        strip.background = element_rect(fill = "light gray"),
        strip.text = element_text(color = "black"))
```

---

# Bake Off

---

# Bake Off

```r
compare <- challenge_results %>% 
  filter(result %in% c("STAR BAKER","OUT")) %>% 
  pivot_longer(c(signature, showstopper), 
               names_to = NULL, values_to = "bake") %>% 
  unnest_tokens(word, bake) %>% 
  anti_join(stop_words) %>% 
  count(word, result, sort = TRUE) %>% 
  group_by(result) %>% 
  mutate(proportion = n / sum(n)) %>% 
  select(-c(n)) %>% 
  pivot_wider(names_from = result, values_from = proportion)
```

---

# Bake Off

```r
compare %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = OUT, y = `STAR BAKER`)) +
  geom_jitter(alpha = 0.2) +
  geom_text(aes(label = word), check_overlap = TRUE) +
  geom_abline(color = "light gray", linetype = 2) +
  labs(x = "Eliminated", y = "Star Baker") +
  cmu_theme()
```

---

# Bake Off

---

# Tables

.large[When are plots necessary?]
<br>
.medium[when position & shape is important (to spot trends, outliers, etc)]
<br>
.medium[when you need to see the data as a whole]

<br>

.large[When can tables be useful?]
<br>
.medium[when you want to look up a specific value]
<br>
.medium[example: qualitative value against 2 categorical variables]

<br>

.large[Package options (my preference)]
<br>
.medium[`kableExtra` for presentations]
<br>
.medium[`gt` for reports/documents]
<br>
.medium[both use `%>%`]

---

.h1[# `kableExtra`]

.tiny[

```r
wine_ratings %>% 
  select(title, winery, variety, points, price) %>% 
  head(3) %>% 
  kable("html") %>%
  kable_styling(font_size = 16, position = "center", full_width = F) %>%
  row_spec(0, bold = T, color = "white", background = "#bb0000")
```

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> title </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> winery </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> variety </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> points </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> price </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Kirkland Signature 2011 Mountain Cuvée Cabernet Sauvignon (Napa Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Kirkland Signature </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Louis M. Martini 2012 Cabernet Sauvignon (Alexander Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Louis M. Martini </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 34 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]

---

.h1[# `kableExtra`]

.tiny[

```r
wine_ratings %>% 
  select(title, winery, variety, points, price) %>% 
  head(3) %>% 
  kable("html", col.names = c("Wine Name", "Winery",
                              "Variety", "Rating", "Price")) %>%
  kable_styling(font_size = 16, position = "center", full_width = F) %>%
  row_spec(0, bold = T, color = "white", background = "#bb0000")
```

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Wine Name </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Winery </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Variety </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Rating </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Price </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Kirkland Signature 2011 Mountain Cuvée Cabernet Sauvignon (Napa Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Kirkland Signature </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Louis M. Martini 2012 Cabernet Sauvignon (Alexander Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Louis M. Martini </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 34 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
]

---

.h1[# `kableExtra`]

.tiny[

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Wine Name </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Winery </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Variety </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Rating </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Price </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 65 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Kirkland Signature 2011 Mountain Cuvée Cabernet Sauvignon (Napa Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Kirkland Signature </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 19 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Louis M. Martini 2012 Cabernet Sauvignon (Alexander Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Louis M. Martini </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 34 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> Data from WineEnthusiast, via #TidyTuesday.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
]

---

.h1[# `kableExtra`]

.tiny[

```r
wine_ratings %>% 
  select(title, winery, variety, points, price) %>% 
  mutate(price = dollar(price)) %>% 
  head(3) %>% 
  kable("html", col.names = c("Wine Name", "Winery",
                              "Variety", "Rating", "Price")) %>%
  kable_styling(font_size = 16, position = "center", full_width = F) %>%
  row_spec(0, bold = T, color = "white", background = "#bb0000") %>% 
  footnote(general = "Data from WineEnthusiast, via #TidyTuesday.")
```

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Wine Name </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Winery </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Variety </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Rating </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Price </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> $65 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Kirkland Signature 2011 Mountain Cuvée Cabernet Sauvignon (Napa Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Kirkland Signature </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> $19 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Louis M. Martini 2012 Cabernet Sauvignon (Alexander Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Louis M. Martini </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> $34 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> Data from WineEnthusiast, via #TidyTuesday.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
]

---

.h1[# `kableExtra`]

.tiny[

```r
wine_ratings %>% 
  select(title, winery, variety, points, price) %>% 
  mutate(price = dollar(price)) %>% 
  head(5) %>% 
  kable("html", col.names = c("Wine Name", "Winery",
                              "Variety", "Rating", "Price")) %>%
  kable_styling(font_size = 16, position = "center", full_width = F) %>%
  row_spec(0, bold = T, color = "white", background = "#bb0000") %>% 
  footnote(general = "Data from WineEnthusiast, via #TidyTuesday.") %>% 
  scroll_box(width = "800px", height = "200px")
```

<div style="border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 0px; overflow-y: scroll; height:200px; overflow-x: scroll; width:800px; "><table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;position: sticky; top:0; background-color: #FFFFFF;"> Wine Name </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;position: sticky; top:0; background-color: #FFFFFF;"> Winery </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;position: sticky; top:0; background-color: #FFFFFF;"> Variety </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;position: sticky; top:0; background-color: #FFFFFF;"> Rating </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;position: sticky; top:0; background-color: #FFFFFF;"> Price </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks 2012 Vintner's Reserve Wild Child Block Pinot Noir (Willamette Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Sweet Cheeks </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> $65 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Kirkland Signature 2011 Mountain Cuvée Cabernet Sauvignon (Napa Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Kirkland Signature </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> $19 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Louis M. Martini 2012 Cabernet Sauvignon (Alexander Valley) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Louis M. Martini </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> $34 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mirassou 2012 Chardonnay (Central Coast) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Mirassou </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Chardonnay </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> $12 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Acrobat 2013 Pinot Noir (Oregon) </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Acrobat </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 87 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> $20 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> Data from WineEnthusiast, via #TidyTuesday.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table></div>
]

---

.h1[# `kableExtra`]

.tiny[

```r
wine_ratings %>% 
  group_by(variety) %>% 
  summarize(avg_rating = mean(points, na.rm = TRUE),
            avg_price = mean(price, na.rm = TRUE)) %>% 
  mutate(avg_rating = round(avg_rating, 1),
         avg_price = dollar(avg_price)) %>% 
  kable("html", col.names = c("Variety", "Avg. Rating", "Avg. Price")) %>%
  kable_styling(font_size = 16, position = "center", full_width = F) %>%
  row_spec(0, bold = T, color = "white", background = "#bb0000") %>% 
  footnote(general = "Data from WineEnthusiast, via #TidyTuesday.")
```

---

.h1[# `kableExtra`]

.tiny[

```r
wine_ratings %>% 
  group_by(variety) %>% 
  summarize(avg_rating = mean(points, na.rm = TRUE),
            avg_price = mean(price, na.rm = TRUE)) %>% 
  mutate(avg_rating = round(avg_rating, 1),
         avg_price = dollar(avg_price)) %>% 
  kable("html", col.names = c("Variety", "Avg. Rating", "Avg. Price")) %>%
  kable_styling(font_size = 16, position = "center", full_width = F) %>%
  row_spec(c(0, 3), bold = T, color = "white", background = "#bb0000") %>% 
  footnote(general = "Data from WineEnthusiast, via #TidyTuesday.")
```

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Variety </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Avg. Rating </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Avg. Price </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 88.6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> $48.25 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Chardonnay </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 88.3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> $34.70 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> 89.4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> $47.88 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> Data from WineEnthusiast, via #TidyTuesday.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
]

---

.h1[# `kableExtra`]

.tiny[

```r
wine_ratings %>% 
  group_by(variety) %>% 
  summarize(avg_rating = mean(points, na.rm = TRUE),
            avg_price = mean(price, na.rm = TRUE)) %>% 
  mutate(avg_rating = round(avg_rating, 1),
         avg_price = dollar(avg_price)) %>% 
  kable("html", col.names = c("Variety", "Avg. Rating", "Avg. Price"),
        caption = "Pinot Noir is, on average, the highest-rated wine") %>%
  kable_styling(font_size = 16, position = "center", full_width = F) %>%
  row_spec(c(0, 3), bold = T, color = "white", background = "#bb0000") %>% 
  footnote(general = "Data from WineEnthusiast, via #TidyTuesday.")
```

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;">
<caption style="font-size: initial !important;">Pinot Noir is, on average, the highest-rated wine</caption>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Variety </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Avg. Rating </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Avg. Price </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Cabernet Sauvignon </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 88.6 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> $48.25 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Chardonnay </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 88.3 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> $34.70 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> Pinot Noir </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> 89.4 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> $47.88 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"><span style="font-style: italic;">Note: </span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%">
<sup></sup> Data from WineEnthusiast, via #TidyTuesday.</td></tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
]

---

# `gt`

.center[![gt](figs/Lec13/gt.svg)]

.right[image source: [https://gt.rstudio.com/](https://gt.rstudio.com/)]

.left[*more details in the .html!*]
---

# Upcoming

<br>

.large[Lab 9 on Thursday June 24]

<br>

.large[Lecture 14 on Friday June 25]
<br>
.medium[presentations with `xaringan`]

<br>

.large[Group project check-in due Friday]