36-315-Lec3

# 36-315: Statistical Graphics and Visualization
## Lecture 3

Meghan Hall Department of Statistics & Data Science Carnegie Mellon University May 26, 2021

---
layout: true
<div class="my-footer">cmu-36315.netlify.app</div>
---

# From last time

---

# Updates

---

# Today

---

# Tidyverse review: the pipe

.huge.center[`%>%`]
 
 
.medium[Allows you to "chain" multiple operations together]
 
 
.medium[Helps avoid intermediate steps]
 
 
.medium[Easier to read!]
 
 
.medium[Remember the `ggplot` equivalent is `+`]

---

# Tidyverse review: the pipe

```r
penguins1 <- mutate(penguins, big_penguin = 
 ifelse(body_mass_g >= 5000, "yes", "no"))

penguins2 <- filter(penguins1, !is.na(body_mass_g))
```

```r
penguins <- mutate(penguins, big_penguin = 
 ifelse(body_mass_g >= 5000, "yes", "no"))

penguins <- filter(penguins, !is.na(body_mass_g))
```

```r
big_penguins <- penguins %>% 
 mutate(penguins, big_penguin = 
 ifelse(body_mass_g >= 5000, "yes", "no")) %>% 
 filter(!is.na(body_mass_g))
```

---

# Tidyverse review: pivoting

.medium[Components of "tidy" data:]
1. Each variable must have its own column
2. Each observation must have its own row
3. Each value must have its own cell

---

# Tidyverse review: pivoting

```r
penguins_pivoted <- penguins_example %>% 
 pivot_longer(`2007`:`2009`, 
 names_to = "year", values_to = "body_mass")
```

---

# Tidyverse review: pivoting

---

# Today's data

---

# Today's data

```r
got %>% 
  glimpse()
```

```
## Rows: 38
## Columns: 25
## $ name <chr> "Battle of the Golden Tooth", "Battle at the Mummer…
## $ year <dbl> 298, 298, 298, 298, 298, 298, 298, 299, 299, 299, 2…
## $ battle_number <dbl> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, …
## $ attacker_king <chr> "Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon", "Joffrey/Tommen Barathe…
## $ defender_king <chr> "Robb Stark", "Robb Stark", "Robb Stark", "Joffrey/…
## $ attacker_1 <chr> "Lannister", "Lannister", "Lannister", "Stark", "St…
## $ attacker_2 <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, "Tully", "Tully", NA, NA, NA, NA, N…
## $ attacker_3 <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
## $ attacker_4 <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
## $ defender_1 <chr> "Tully", "Baratheon", "Tully", "Lannister", "Lannis…
## $ defender_2 <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
## $ defender_3 <lgl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
## $ defender_4 <lgl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA,…
## $ attacker_outcome <chr> "win", "win", "win", "loss", "win", "win", "win", "…
## $ battle_type <chr> "pitched battle", "ambush", "pitched battle", "pitc…
## $ major_death <dbl> 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, …
## $ major_capture <dbl> 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, …
## $ attacker_size <dbl> 15000, NA, 15000, 18000, 1875, 6000, NA, NA, 1000, …
## $ defender_size <dbl> 4000, 120, 10000, 20000, 6000, 12625, NA, NA, NA, N…
## $ attacker_commander <chr> "Jaime Lannister", "Gregor Clegane", "Jaime Lannist…
## $ defender_commander <chr> "Clement Piper, Vance", "Beric Dondarrion", "Edmure…
## $ summer <dbl> 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, …
## $ location <chr> "Golden Tooth", "Mummer's Ford", "Riverrun", "Green…
## $ region <chr> "The Westerlands", "The Riverlands", "The Riverland…
## $ note <chr> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, "Greyjoy's troo…
```

---

# Today's data

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> name </th>
 <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> attacker_king </th>
 <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> region </th>
 <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> year </th>
 <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> attacker_size </th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Battle of the Golden Tooth </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> The Westerlands </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 298 </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 15000 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Battle at the Mummer's Ford </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> The Riverlands </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 298 </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Battle of Riverrun </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> The Riverlands </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 298 </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 15000 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Battle of the Green Fork </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> The Riverlands </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 298 </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 18000 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Battle of the Whispering Wood </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> The Riverlands </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 298 </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 1875 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Battle of the Camps </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> The Riverlands </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 298 </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 6000 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Sack of Darry </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> The Riverlands </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 298 </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Battle of Moat Cailin </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Balon/Euron Greyjoy </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> The North </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 299 </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Battle of Deepwood Motte </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Balon/Euron Greyjoy </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> The North </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 299 </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 1000 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Battle of the Stony Shore </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Balon/Euron Greyjoy </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> The North </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 299 </td>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 264 </td>
 </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

# Data types

.large[Categorical/qualitative]
 
.medium[Ordered vs. unordered/nominal]
 
.medium[`name`, `attacker_king`, `region`]
 
--
 
.large[Numeric/quantitative]
 
.medium[Discrete vs. continuous]
 
.medium[`attacker_size`, `defender_size`]
 
--
 
.large[What about `year`?]

---

# The beauty of a bar chart

---

# .left[Today's agenda]

.large[standard bar chart] 
ordered 
with a label 
 
 
.large[grouped bar chart] 
legend_position` 
aggregate data 
 
 
.large[stacked bar chart] 
percent stacked 
add_count

]

.large[stacked bar chart] 
pivot_longer 
case_when 
 
 
.large[standard bar chart] 
separate 
pivot_longer 
 
 
.large[grouped bar chart] 
year as character 
string manipulation

]

---

# .left[Today's agenda]

.large[**standard bar chart**] 
*ordered* 
*with a label* 
**in which regions do battles happen?** 
 
 
.large[grouped bar chart] 
legend_position` 
aggregate data 
 
 
.large[stacked bar chart] 
percent stacked 
add_count

]

]

---

# 1. Standard bar chart

```r
got %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = region)) + 
  geom_bar()
```

---

# 1. Standard bar chart

```r
got %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = region)) + 
  geom_bar() +
  coord_flip()
```

---

# 1. Standard bar chart

```r
got %>% 
* count(region) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(region, n), y = n)) + 
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  coord_flip()
```

---

# 1. Standard bar chart

```r
got %>% 
  count(region) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(region, n), y = n)) + 
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  coord_flip() +
* geom_text(aes(label = n), hjust = -0.5) +
  scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 18))
```

---

# 1. Standard bar chart

---

# .left[Today's agenda]

.large[standard bar chart] 
ordered 
with a label 
 
 
.large[**grouped bar chart**] 
legend_position` 
aggregate data 
**attacking kings use which battle types?** 
 
 
.large[stacked bar chart] 
percent stacked 
add_count

]

]

---

# 2. Grouped bar chart

```r
got %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = attacker_king, fill = battle_type)) + 
  geom_bar(position = "dodge")
```

---

# 2. Grouped bar chart

```r
got %>%
* filter(!is.na(attacker_king) & !is.na(battle_type)) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = attacker_king, fill = battle_type)) + 
  geom_bar(position = "dodge") +
* theme(legend.position = c(0.1, 0.8))
```

---

# 2. Grouped bar chart

```r
got %>%
* group_by(attacker_king, battle_type) %>%
* summarize(mean_size = mean(attacker_size, na.rm = TRUE)) %>%
  filter(!is.na(attacker_king) & !is.na(battle_type)) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = attacker_king, y = mean_size, fill = battle_type)) + 
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge") +
  theme(legend.position = c(0.1, 0.8))
```

---

# 2. Grouped bar chart

---

# .left[Today's agenda]

.large[standard bar chart] 
ordered 
with a label 
 
 
.large[grouped bar chart] 
legend_position` 
aggregate data 
 
 
.large[**stacked bar chart**] 
percent stacked 
add_count 
**in which regions do kings attack?** 
**which attacking kings win?**

]

]

---

# 3. Stacked bar chart

```r
got %>% 
  filter(!is.na(attacker_king) & !is.na(region)) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = attacker_king, fill = region)) + 
  geom_bar(position = "stack")
```

---

# 3. Stacked bar chart

```r
got %>% 
  filter(!is.na(attacker_king) & !is.na(region)) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = attacker_king)) + 
  geom_bar() +
  facet_wrap(~region)
```

---

# 3. Stacked bar chart

```r
got %>% 
  filter(!is.na(attacker_king) & !is.na(region)) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = region)) + 
  geom_bar() +
  coord_flip() +
  facet_wrap(~attacker_king)
```

---

# 3. Stacked bar chart

```r
got %>% 
* add_count(attacker_king) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = attacker_king, y = n, fill = attacker_outcome)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "fill")
```

---

# `add_count`

---

# 3. Stacked bar chart

```r
got %>% 
  add_count(attacker_king) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = attacker_king, y = n, fill = attacker_outcome)) +
* geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "fill")
```

---

# 3. Stacked bar chart

```r
got %>% 
  filter(!is.na(attacker_king) & !is.na(attacker_outcome)) %>% 
  add_count(attacker_king) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = attacker_king, y = n, fill = attacker_outcome)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "fill") +
* scale_y_continuous(name = "Percent Win", labels = scales::percent)
```

---

# .left[Today's agenda]

]

.large[**stacked bar chart**] 
pivot_longer 
case_when 
**which kings win?** 
 
 
.large[standard bar chart] 
separate 
pivot_longer 
 
 
.large[grouped bar chart] 
year as character 
string manipulation

]

---

# `pivot_longer`

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> battle_number </th>
 <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> attacker_king </th>
 <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> defender_king </th>
 <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> attacker_outcome </th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> win </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> win </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> win </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> loss </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> win </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> win </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 7 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> win </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Balon/Euron Greyjoy </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> win </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 9 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Balon/Euron Greyjoy </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> win </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 10 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Balon/Euron Greyjoy </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> win </td>
 </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

# `pivot_longer`

---

# `case_when`

```r
got %>% 
  select(battle_number, attacker_king, 
         defender_king, attacker_outcome) %>% 
  pivot_longer(ends_with("king"), names_to = "type",
               values_to = "king", values_drop_na = TRUE) %>% 
  mutate(outcome = case_when(type == "attacker_king" ~ attacker_outcome,
                             attacker_outcome == "win" ~ "loss",
                             attacker_outcome == "loss" ~ "win"))
```

---

# 4. Stacked bar chart

```r
got %>% 
  select(battle_number, attacker_king, 
         defender_king, attacker_outcome) %>% 
  filter(!is.na(attacker_outcome)) %>% 
  pivot_longer(ends_with("king"), names_to = "type",
               values_to = "king", values_drop_na = TRUE) %>% 
  mutate(outcome = case_when(type == "attacker_king" ~ attacker_outcome,
                             attacker_outcome == "win" ~ "loss",
                             attacker_outcome == "loss" ~ "win")) %>% 
  add_count(king) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = king, y = n, fill = outcome)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "fill") +
  scale_y_continuous(name = "Percent Win", labels = scales::percent)
```

---

# 4. Stacked bar chart

---

# .left[Today's agenda]

]

.large[stacked bar chart] 
pivot_longer 
case_when 
 
 
.large[**standard bar chart**] 
separate 
pivot_longer 
**which commanders initiated the most battles?** 
 
 
.large[grouped bar chart] 
year as character 
string manipulation

]

---

# `separate`

---

# `separate`

```r
got %>% 
  select(battle_number, attacker_commander) %>% 
* separate(attacker_commander, c("a","b","c","d","e","f"),
*          sep = ", ")
```

<table class="table" style="font-size: 16px; width: auto !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> battle_number </th>
 <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> a </th>
 <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> b </th>
 <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> c </th>
 <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> d </th>
 <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> e </th>
 <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;color: white !important;background-color: #bb0000 !important;"> f </th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 1 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Jaime Lannister </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 2 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Gregor Clegane </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 3 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Jaime Lannister </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Andros Brax </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 4 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Roose Bolton </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Wylis Manderly </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Medger Cerwyn </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Harrion Karstark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Halys Hornwood </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 5 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Brynden Tully </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Robb Stark </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Tytos Blackwood </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Brynden Tully </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 7 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Gregor Clegane </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="text-align:right;"> 8 </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> Victarion Greyjoy </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 <td style="text-align:left;"> </td>
 </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

---

# `pivot_longer`

```r
got %>% 
  select(battle_number, attacker_commander) %>% 
  separate(attacker_commander, c("a","b","c","d","e","f"), 
           sep = ", ") %>% 
* pivot_longer(a:f, values_to = "commander",
*              names_to = NULL, values_drop_na = TRUE)
```

---

# 5. Standard bar chart

```r
got %>% 
  select(battle_number, attacker_commander) %>% 
  separate(attacker_commander, c("a","b","c","d","e","f"), 
           sep = ", ") %>% 
  pivot_longer(a:f, values_to = "commander", 
               names_to = NULL, values_drop_na = TRUE) %>% 
  count(commander) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = commander, y = n)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity")
```

---

# 5. Standard bar chart

---

# 5. Standard bar chart

```r
got %>% 
  select(battle_number, attacker_commander) %>% 
  separate(attacker_commander, c("a","b","c","d","e","f"), 
           sep = ", ") %>% 
  pivot_longer(a:f, values_to = "commander", 
               names_to = NULL, values_drop_na = TRUE) %>% 
  count(commander) %>%
* filter(n > 2) %>%
* ggplot(aes(x = reorder(commander, -n), y = n)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity")
```

---

# 5. Standard bar chart

---

# .left[Today's agenda]

]

.large[stacked bar chart] 
pivot_longer 
case_when 
 
 
.large[standard bar chart] 
separate 
pivot_longer 
 
 
.large[**grouped bar chart**] 
year as character 
string manipulation 
**which kings attacked in which years?**

]

---

# 6. Grouped bar chart

```r
got %>%
  filter(!is.na(attacker_king)) %>% 
  count(attacker_king, year) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = attacker_king, y = n, fill = year)) + 
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge")
```

---

# 6. Grouped bar chart

```r
got %>%
  filter(!is.na(attacker_king)) %>% 
  count(attacker_king, year) %>% 
* ggplot(aes(x = attacker_king, y = n, fill = as.character(year))) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge")
```

---

# 6. Grouped bar chart

---

# 6. Grouped bar chart

---

# 6. Grouped bar chart

```r
got %>%
  filter(!is.na(attacker_king)) %>% 
  count(attacker_king, year) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = attacker_king, y = n, fill = as.character(year))) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge") +
  geom_text(aes(label = n), position = position_dodge(0.9), 
            vjust = -0.5) +
* labs(fill = "Year",
*      title = "Number of battles by attacking king and year") +
* theme(axis.title = element_blank(),
*       axis.text = element_text(size = 14),
*       plot.title = element_text(size = 16))
```

---

# 6. Grouped bar chart

---

# 6. Grouped bar chart

```r
got %>%
  filter(!is.na(attacker_king)) %>% 
  count(attacker_king, year) %>% 
* mutate(attacker_king = str_replace(attacker_king, "/", "/\n"),
*        attacker_king = str_replace(attacker_king, " ", "\n")) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = attacker_king, y = n, fill = as.character(year))) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge") +
  geom_text(aes(label = n), position = position_dodge(0.9), 
            vjust = -0.5) +
  labs(fill = "Year",
       title = "Number of battles by attacking king and year") + 
  theme(axis.title = element_blank(),
        axis.text = element_text(size = 14),
        plot.title = element_text(size = 16))
```

---

# 6. Grouped bar chart

---

# Upcoming